MSCE Biology for Form 4: Master Key Concepts

 

  1. Kidney Failure:
    • Condition: Inability of the kidneys to filter waste from the body.
    • Causes: Infection, accidental damage, exposure to toxic substances (e.g., heavy metals), low blood pressure, and heart failure.
    • Treatment: Kidney transplant, weekly dialysis.
    • Prevention: Avoid overdose and seek medical advice.
  2. Uremia:
    • Condition: Excess urea in the blood due to poor kidney function.
    • Effects: Convulsions, coma, vomiting, and difficulty in breathing.
  3. Glomerular Nephritis:
    • Condition: Affects the glomerulus due to bacteria such as streptococci.
    • Effects: Swelling of the glomerulus and failure to filter substances properly.
  4. Kidney Stones:
    • Composition: Uric acid, calcium oxalate, calcium phosphate.
    • Location: Form in the renal pelvis or urinary bladder.
    • Causes: Kidney infections, vitamin A deficiency, high concentration of salts in urine.
    • Signs & Symptoms: Pain in the lower belly and base of the penis, difficulty in passing urine.
    • Control, Prevention, and Treatment: Balanced diet, plenty of water, hot water massages, dialysis, and kidney transplant.
  5. Kidney Cancer:
    • Condition: Malignant tumors, more common in males.
    • Causes: Nicotine in cigarettes.
    • Symptoms: Swelling in the renal vein, secondary tumors in lungs and bones, and in children, it affects renal vessels.
  6. Gout:
    • Condition: Caused by uric acid salts forming crystals in joints.
    • Effects: Painful walking, affects toes, fingers, and kidneys.
    • Causes: High consumption of meat (e.g., kidney and red meat).
    • Treatment: Low protein diet, avoid red meat, drink more water, and medication.
  7. Ureter Blockage:
    • Condition: Blockage in the ureter, affecting urine flow.
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