Course Content
Background Information on 1870s European Powers
Before 1900, Europe was dominated by powerful empires such as the British, French, Austro-Hungarian, Russian, and Ottoman Empires. The period was marked by industrialization, imperial expansion, nationalism, and frequent political rivalries that set the stage for major conflicts.
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Causes and Results of the First World War
World War I (1914–1918) was a global conflict triggered by political tensions and alliances among European powers. It caused massive loss of life and led to significant political and territorial changes worldwide.
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League of Nations
The League of Nations was an international organization formed after World War I to maintain peace and prevent future conflicts. It aimed to resolve disputes through dialogue and promote cooperation among nations.
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Interwar Period
The interwar period refers to the years between World War I and World War II (1918–1939). It was marked by political instability, economic difficulties such as the Great Depression, and the rise of totalitarian regimes in countries like Germany and Italy. This period also saw efforts at peace through the League of Nations, but ultimately tensions grew, leading to the outbreak of World War II.
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WWII
World War II (1939–1945) was a global conflict involving major powers divided into the Allies and Axis. It resulted in widespread destruction, the defeat of fascism, and significant geopolitical changes worldwide.
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Cold War Period
The Cold War was a prolonged period of political and military tension between the USA and the Soviet Union after World War II. It was characterized by rivalry, arms race, and competition for global influence without direct large-scale fighting between the two superpowers.
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Decolonisation of India and Kenya
Decolonisation of India and Kenya involved struggles for independence from British colonial rule, achieved through political movements and resistance. India gained independence in 1947, while Kenya achieved it in 1963 after a prolonged fight against colonial oppression.
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Postcolonial Crisis
The postcolonial crisis refers to the challenges African countries faced after gaining independence, including political instability, ethnic conflicts, economic difficulties, and weak governance. These issues often hindered development and nation-building efforts in the newly independent states.
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History Form 4

African Expectations at Independence

  1. Political Freedom
    Africans wanted full independence from colonial rule. They aimed to:

    • Elect their own leaders and run democratic governments.

    • Make their own laws and policies based on African values.

    • End foreign interference in political decisions.

  2. Economic Freedom
    Africans expected to:

    • Take control of their natural resources such as land, minerals, and oil.

    • Build self-reliant economies managed by Africans.

    • Stop economic exploitation by foreign companies.

    • Reduce poverty and improve living standards through development.

  3. National Unity
    After independence, Africans hoped to:

    • Unite diverse tribes and ethnic groups into one nation.

    • Build a sense of national identity and patriotism.

    • Eliminate discrimination and divisions created by colonial powers.

  4. Social Justice and Equality
    Africans wanted:

    • Equal rights and opportunities for all citizens regardless of race, tribe, or gender.

    • The end of racial segregation and unfair treatment inherited from colonialism.

    • Justice and fairness in the distribution of wealth and public services.

  5. Improved Education
    There was a strong desire to:

    • Expand access to quality education for all.

    • Develop an African-centered curriculum.

    • Train local professionals, teachers, and leaders to replace colonial administrators.

  6. Better Health and Social Services
    Africans expected their new governments to:

    • Build hospitals and clinics to improve public health.

    • Provide clean water, sanitation, and nutrition programs.

    • Improve maternal and child care to reduce high death rates.

  7. Development and Infrastructure
    Citizens hoped for:

    • More roads, bridges, electricity, and clean water systems.

    • Improved transport and communication networks.

    • A modern economy based on industry and agriculture.

  8. Peace and Security
    Africans expected to live in peaceful nations where:

    • Human rights are protected.

    • People are free from violence and oppression.

    • The military and police protect, not abuse, citizens.
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