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Germany (Formed in 1871)
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Leadership: Kaiser William I (Emperor) and Otto von Bismarck (Chancellor).
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Significant Events:
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Austro-Prussian War (1866): Prussia defeated Austria, consolidating control.
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Franco-Prussian War (1870-71): Germany defeated France, annexing Alsace and Lorraine.
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Objective: Bismarck sought to isolate France and defend Germany through alliances.
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Austria-Hungary (Habsburg Empire)
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A large agrarian empire under Emperor Franz Joseph, dealing with ethnic tensions and Slav nationalism.
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Struggles: Nationalism in Serbia, supported by Russia, caused instability.
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Diverse Population: Included Germans, Czechs, Serbs, Slavs, and others.
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Italy (Newly United)
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Politically unstable with economic weakness.
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Sought colonies and formed alliances with Germany and Austria-Hungary to build an empire.
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Turkish Empire (Ottoman Empire)
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Known as the “Sick Man of Europe” due to internal strife and declining power.
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Territory: Included parts of the Middle East and the Balkans.
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Sultan Abdul Hamid II was the ruler during this period.
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Britain
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The world’s greatest empire, practicing “Splendid Isolation” to focus on overseas colonies.
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Led by Prime Minister Benjamin Disraeli.
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Britain became concerned with Germany’s growing naval ambitions.
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France
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A democratic state seeking to recover from its defeat by Germany in 1871.
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Main concerns:
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Defending against German aggression.
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Reclaiming Alsace and Lorraine.
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Securing its colonial interests.
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Russia
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The largest but economically backward European power, ruled by Czar Nicholas II.
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Feared German expansion and supported Slavic nationalism in Austria-Hungary.
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Began industrialization and military reforms after its defeat by Japan in 1905.
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Background Information on 1870s European Powers
Before 1900, Europe was dominated by powerful empires such as the British, French, Austro-Hungarian, Russian, and Ottoman Empires. The period was marked by industrialization, imperial expansion, nationalism, and frequent political rivalries that set the stage for major conflicts.
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Causes and Results of the First World War
World War I (1914–1918) was a global conflict triggered by political tensions and alliances among European powers. It caused massive loss of life and led to significant political and territorial changes worldwide.
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League of Nations
The League of Nations was an international organization formed after World War I to maintain peace and prevent future conflicts. It aimed to resolve disputes through dialogue and promote cooperation among nations.
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Interwar Period
The interwar period refers to the years between World War I and World War II (1918–1939). It was marked by political instability, economic difficulties such as the Great Depression, and the rise of totalitarian regimes in countries like Germany and Italy. This period also saw efforts at peace through the League of Nations, but ultimately tensions grew, leading to the outbreak of World War II.
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THE RUSSIAN REVOLUTION
Change of government in Russia, rise of Lenin and Stalin
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Development of Dictatorship In Germany
Weimar republic, rise of Hitler, Achievements and his fall
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WWII
World War II (1939–1945) was a global conflict involving major powers divided into the Allies and Axis. It resulted in widespread destruction, the defeat of fascism, and significant geopolitical changes worldwide.
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United Nations
Formation of UNO, Achievements and Failure
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Cold War Period
The Cold War was a prolonged period of political and military tension between the USA and the Soviet Union after World War II. It was characterized by rivalry, arms race, and competition for global influence without direct large-scale fighting between the two superpowers.
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Decolonisation of India and Kenya
Decolonisation of India and Kenya involved struggles for independence from British colonial rule, achieved through political movements and resistance. India gained independence in 1947, while Kenya achieved it in 1963 after a prolonged fight against colonial oppression.
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DECOLONISATION OF KENYA
Studies Kenya struggles to Independence
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Postcolonial Crisis
The postcolonial crisis refers to the challenges African countries faced after gaining independence, including political instability, ethnic conflicts, economic difficulties, and weak governance. These issues often hindered development and nation-building efforts in the newly independent states.
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