Course Content
Background Information on 1870s European Powers
Before 1900, Europe was dominated by powerful empires such as the British, French, Austro-Hungarian, Russian, and Ottoman Empires. The period was marked by industrialization, imperial expansion, nationalism, and frequent political rivalries that set the stage for major conflicts.
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EUROPEAN POWERS
Events in Europe (1870–1914) Related to the First World War
Causes and Results of the First World War
World War I (1914–1918) was a global conflict triggered by political tensions and alliances among European powers. It caused massive loss of life and led to significant political and territorial changes worldwide.
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Main Causes of World War I
Political Alliances
The Arms Race
The Moroccan Crises
Nationalism in the Balkan Region
The Assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand
Results of World War I
Reasons Why the Central Powers and Germany Lost World War I
League of Nations
The League of Nations was an international organization formed after World War I to maintain peace and prevent future conflicts. It aimed to resolve disputes through dialogue and promote cooperation among nations.
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The Versailles Peace Treaty (1919)
Weaknesses of the Treaty
The League of Nations
League of Nations: COMMISSIONS AND COMMITTEES
League of Nations: Assessment
Achievements of the League of Nations
League of Nations: Weaknesses
Interwar Period
The interwar period refers to the years between World War I and World War II (1918–1939). It was marked by political instability, economic difficulties such as the Great Depression, and the rise of totalitarian regimes in countries like Germany and Italy. This period also saw efforts at peace through the League of Nations, but ultimately tensions grew, leading to the outbreak of World War II.
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Overview
ECONOMIC CONDITIONS IN EUROPE POST-WWI
GERMANY’S CHALLENGES DUE TO REPARATIONS
The Great Economic Depression (1929-1932)
THE RUSSIAN REVOLUTION
Change of government in Russia, rise of Lenin and Stalin
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Background: The Russian Empire by 1900
The 1905 Revolution
The 1917 Revolution
The Provisional Government
November 1917 Revolution
Lenin’s Rise to Power, Achievement and Failures
Rise of Stalin, Achievement and Failures
Development of Dictatorship In Germany
Weimar republic, rise of Hitler, Achievements and his fall
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The Weimar Republic (1919-1933)
Adolf Hitler’s Rise
Origins of the Nazi Party
Factors Contributing to Nazi Popularity:
Hitler’s Domestic Policies
HITLER’S FOREIGN POLICIES (1933-1939)
Hitler’s Key Foreign Policy Actions
HITLER’S ACHIEVEMENTS IN FOREIGN POLICY
ASSESSMENT OF HITLER’S POLICIES
ASSESSMENT OF HITLER’S POLICIES
WWII
World War II (1939–1945) was a global conflict involving major powers divided into the Allies and Axis. It resulted in widespread destruction, the defeat of fascism, and significant geopolitical changes worldwide.
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CAUSES OF THE SECOND WORLD WAR
EVENTS LEADING TO WAR
EVENTS OF THE SECOND WORLD WAR
TURNING POINTS (1942–1943)
Why the Axis Powers Lost the War
The Move to End the War in 1945
Results of the Second World War
United Nations
Formation of UNO, Achievements and Failure
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Aims and Origins of UN
UN Agencies and their roles
ACHIEVEMENTS OF THE UNITED NATIONS
CHALLENGES FACING THE UNITED NATIONS
Similarities between the United Nations and the League of Nations
Differences between the United Nations and the League of Nations
CASE STUDIES OF UN INTERVENTIONS
Cold War Period
The Cold War was a prolonged period of political and military tension between the USA and the Soviet Union after World War II. It was characterized by rivalry, arms race, and competition for global influence without direct large-scale fighting between the two superpowers.
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1. Definition of the Cold War
2. Causes of the Cold War
3. Conflicts in the Cold War
4. Impact of the Cold War on Africa
5. Post-War Political and Economic Alliances (Summary)
Decolonisation of India and Kenya
Decolonisation of India and Kenya involved struggles for independence from British colonial rule, achieved through political movements and resistance. India gained independence in 1947, while Kenya achieved it in 1963 after a prolonged fight against colonial oppression.
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Factors Leading to Global Decolonisation
Summary of Causes
British Policy: Indirect Rule
Decolonisation of India
British Colonial Policies in India
Factors That Led to Indian Nationalism
Why India’s Independence Was Delayed
Key Stages in India’s Path to Independence
Gandhi’s Role in India’s Independence
Main Stages Leading to India’s Independence
INDEPENDENCE AND PARTITION OF INDIA (1947)
REASONS FOR INDIA’S PARTITION
DECOLONISATION OF KENYA
Studies Kenya struggles to Independence
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FACTORS THAT LED TO NATIONALISM IN KENYA
EVENTS THAT LED TO KENYA’S INDEPENDENCE
Impact of Mau Mau Uprising
STATE OF EMERGENCY (1952)
Impact of State of Emergency
3. FORMATION OF POLITICAL PARTIES
Roles of Political Parties
Kenya CONSTITUTIONAL TALKS
KENYA’S INDEPENDENCE
Postcolonial Crisis
The postcolonial crisis refers to the challenges African countries faced after gaining independence, including political instability, ethnic conflicts, economic difficulties, and weak governance. These issues often hindered development and nation-building efforts in the newly independent states.
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African Expectations at Independence
Major Challenges and Crises in Post-Colonial Africa
Case Study: Zambia’s Economic Crisis
Effects of the Economic Crisis in Zambia
History Form 4

THE INTERNATIONAL COURT OF JUSTICE (ICJ)

  • The ICJ is elected by the General Assembly and the Security Council.

  • It comprises 15 judges from different nationalities to promote impartiality.

  • Headquarters: The Hague, Netherlands.

Functions:

  • Provides advisory opinions to the General Assembly on international legal matters.

  • Hears and adjudicates disputes between states, e.g.,

    • Border dispute between Holland and Belgium.

    • Fishing rights dispute between Britain and Norway.

THE TRUSTEESHIP COUNCIL

  • It succeeded the Mandates Commission of the League of Nations.

  • Supervised mandated territories, ensuring their development toward self-governance and eventual independence.

THE ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL COUNCIL (ECOSOC)

Functions:

  • Tackles social and economic issues such as:

    • Population

    • Employment

    • Human rights

    • Drug control

    • Women and children’s welfare

  • Coordinates the activities of UN commissions and specialised agencies such as:

    • ILO

    • UNICEF

    • WHO

  • Encourages regional development in:

    • Europe

    • Africa

    • Asia

    • Far East

    • Americas

SPECIALISED AGENCIES OF THE UNITED NATIONS

1. United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO)

  • Promotes global literacy by supporting educational institutions.

  • Coordinates activities of scientists, scholars, and artists globally.

2. United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF)

  • Established in 1946 to assist children affected by World War II.

  • Works alongside WHO on health issues affecting children in poor and war-torn nations.

Functions:

  • Aids homeless children during wars.

  • Enhances children’s health and living standards.

  • Establishes health centres and trains health personnel.

  • Immunises children against measles, polio, and tetanus.

  • Promotes breastfeeding and discourages bottle feeding.

3. International Monetary Fund (IMF)

  • Facilitates international trade.

  • Supports economic development.

  • Provides short-term loans to nations with economic issues, subject to IMF policy compliance.

4. Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO)

  • Provides emergency food aid during crises like droughts and conflicts.

  • Educates farmers on modern farming methods.

  • Promotes increased food production with improved seed varieties.

  • Offers financial assistance to new farming projects.

5. United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR)

  • Assists and repatriates refugees by providing food, shelter, and protection.
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