AFOTOKOZI

• Definition: Mawu omwe amakamba zambiri za dzina kapena mlowam’malo.

• Examples:

  • “Chikaoneka watenga nkhanga ziwiri.” (The appearance has taken two to three steps.)

  • “Sitifuna mwana wofuntha.” (We do not want a greedy child.)

MITUNDU YA AFOTOKOZI

1. Aumwini: Amakamba zambiri za umwini wa chinthu.

   • Example: “Wandibera nsapato zanga.” (You have stolen my shoes.)

2. Oloza: Amathandiza polozera zinthu komanso anthu.

   • Example: “Kachala aka kamandisautsa.” (This place is very beautiful.)

3. Owerenga: Amasonyeza chiwerengero chenicheni cha anthu ndi zinthu.

   • Example: “Anyamata awiri athawa kusukuluku.” (Two boys ran away from the school.)

4. Ogawa: Amathandiza pogawa zinthu.

   • Example: “Mwana aliyense abayidwe katemera wachikuku.” (Each child should be vaccinated.)

5. Amaonekana: Amakamba za maonekedwe.

   • Example: “Atipatsa nsawawa zaziwisi.” (They gave us fresh vegetables.)

6. Ofunsa: Amathandiza pofunsa zachiwerengero, maonekedwe, makhalidwe.

   • Example: “Wagula ngolovani yotani?” (What type of car have you bought?)

7. Opatula: Amapangidwa kuchokera kumasinde opatula.

   • Example: “Aphunzitsi ena apita.” (Some teachers have left.)

8. Amakhalidwe: Amakamba zambiri za khalidwe, zinthu ndi anthu.

   • Example: “Nyama yaliuma idafa ndi ludzu.” (The animal died due to hunger.)

9. Amgwirizano: Amagwiritsa ntchito masinde aubale/amgwirizano.

   • Example: “Mphunzitsi amene abwere kuno ndi wamwayi.” (The teacher who has come here is lucky.)

KAPANGIDWE KA AFOTOKOZI

1. Kuchokera ku mayina: Poyika mphatikiram’mbuyo kumayina.

   • Examples:

     • Wa- Ulemu → Waulemu

     • Za- Uve → Zauve

2. Kuchokera ku masinde a afotokozi: Amapangidwa poyika aphatikiram’mbuyo awiri.

   • Example:

     • Ka Za La Cha Ta → Ka Zi Li Chi Ti

3. Kuchokera ku aneni: Poyika mphatikiram’mbuyo ku mneni.

   • Example:

     • Wo- Chenjera → Wochenjera

4. Kuchokera ku aonjezi: Amapangidwa poyika aphatikiram’mbuyo kuaonjezi.

   • Example:

     • Cha- Za- ta → Chabe

5. Kuchokera ku masinde osiyanasiyana: Poyika aphatikiram’mbuyo ku masinde osiyanasiyana.

   • Examples:

     • Olozera: a- zi- u- ja

     • Aumwini: Wa- Za- Cha- -nu

Ofunsira Zitsanzo (Interrogative Modifiers)

• Definition: These modifiers are used to ask questions regarding quantity or characteristics.

• Examples:

  • Mphatikiram’mbuyo: o- → mfotokozi: Otani (What type?)

  • Mphatikiram’mbuyo: ko- → mfotokozi: Kotani (How?)

  • Mphatikiram’mbuyo: li- → mfotokozi: Liti (Which?)

  • Mphatikiram’mbuyo: a- → mfotokozi: angati (How many?)

Owerengera Zitsanzo (Quantitative Modifiers)

• Definition: These modifiers specify exact quantities of people or things.

• Examples:

  • Mphatikiram’mbuyo: a- → mfotokozi: anayi (Four)

  • Mphatikiram’mbuyo: ti- → mfotokozi: tiiwiri (Two)

  • Mphatikiram’mbuyo: chi- → mfotokozi: chisanu (Five)

  • Mphatikiram’mbuyo: zi- → mfotokozi: zitatu (Three)

Opatula Zitsanzo (Partitive Modifiers)

• Definition: These modifiers indicate a portion of something.

• Examples:

  • Mphatikiram’mbuyo: Zi- → mfotokozi: zina (Other)

  • Mphatikiram’mbuyo: Wi- → mfotokozi: wina (Another)

  • Mphatikiram’mbuyo: a- → mfotokozi: angapo (Some)

  • Mphatikiram’mbuyo: no- → mfotokozi: nokha (Only)

Ophatikiza Zitsanzo (Collective Modifiers)

• Definition: These modifiers express the idea of inclusion or completeness.

• Examples:

  • Mphatikiram’mbuyo: o- → mfotokozi: onse (All)

  • Mphatikiram’mbuyo: zo- → mfotokozi: zonse (Everything)

  • Mphatikiram’mbuyo: no- → mfotokozi: nonse (All)