Electronic Components

1. Capacitors
   • Symbol: (insert drawing of a capacitor symbol)

• Uses:
  1. Store small amounts of electrical charge.
  2. Smooth out current fluctuations.
  3. Pass signals from one circuit to another.
• 1. Tune circuits to respond to signals of specific frequencies.

1. LDR (Light Dependent Resistor)
   • Symbol: (insert drawing of LDR symbol)
   • Description: A resistor whose resistance depends on light intensity.

• Function:
  • Increases in light intensity decrease its resistance.
• • Decreases in light intensity increase its resistance.
• Uses:
  • As part of a potential divider.
  • Low resistance in daylight allows more current to switch on a transistor in a circuit.
• • High resistance in darkness lowers current, switching off the transistor.

1. Diodes
   • Symbol: (insert drawing of a diode symbol)
   • Function: Allows current to flow in one direction.

• Uses:
  1. Acts as a switch in forward bias (low resistance, current flows, bulb lights).
• 1. As a rectifier to convert AC to DC.
• Light-Emitting Diodes (LEDs)
  1. Symbol: (insert drawing of LED symbol)
  2. Function: Emit light when current flows through them.
• Uses:
  1. Indicator lamps on electrical and electronic devices.
• 1. Show if an appliance is on or off.

1. Thermistors
   • Symbol: (insert drawing of thermistor symbol)
   • Description: A resistor whose resistance depends on temperature.

• Function:
  • As temperature increases, resistance decreases.
  • Part of a potential divider.
  • Low resistance at high temperatures allows more current to switch on a transistor.
• 1. High resistance at low temperatures reduces current.
• Uses:
  1. Temperature sensing.

1. Transistors
   • Symbol: (insert drawing of PNP and NPN transistor symbols)
   • Description: A 3-terminal device (base, emitter, collector) that conducts current in both directions. It is made by joining P-N junctions.

• Types:
  1. PNP Transistor
• 1. NPN Transistor
• Uses:

1. As a Switch:
   • Acts as a fast-acting, sensitive switch.
   • When base current flows, the transistor switches on, allowing current through the collector and emitter, lighting a bulb.
2. • Drawings can demonstrate the base current and switch mechanism.
3. As an Amplifier:
   • Magnifies small input signals (current, voltage, or sound) to produce a larger output signal.
4. Inductor
   • Symbol: (insert drawing of an inductor symbol)
   • Description: A passive electronic component that stores energy in a magnetic field, usually a coil of wire.

• Uses:
  1. Used in motors.
  2. Energy storage.
  3. As transformers.
  4. Magnetic field sensors.
• 1. Filters in analog circuits.

Conductors, Semiconductors, and Insulators