- Kidney:
- Removes wastes, excess water, drugs, and toxins.
- Produces vitamin D and sugar during starvation.
- Regulates blood pressure and volume via sodium absorption.
- Lungs:
- Excrete carbon dioxide and water vapor.
- Liver:
- Processes and detoxifies chemicals.
- Skin:
- Excretes sweat, containing water, salts, and small amounts of urea.
Process of Urination
- Glomerular Filtration:
- Occurs in the glomerulus through ultrafiltration.
- Tubular Reabsorption:
- Takes place in the proximal tubules where useful substances are reabsorbed.
- Loop of Henle:
- Reabsorbs water from the filtrate.
- Distal Convoluted Tubule:
- Controls pH and osmotic potential, and reabsorbs water.
- Collecting Duct:
- Involved in water reabsorption and osmoregulation, influenced by ADH and aldosterone.
Terms
- Diuresis: Increased urine production.
- Anti-Diuretic: Decreased urine production.
- Diuretics: Drugs that increase urine flow.
Examples of Diuretics:
- Alcohol: Causes diuresis by inhibiting ADH secretion, leading to dehydration.
- Caffeine: Increases glomerular filtration and reduces tubular reabsorption.